Seasonal Report Archive for The Loon - Screech-Owls, Owls Occurrence
This is the 1930 to present seasonal report archive for
The Loon, journal of the Minnesota Ornithologists' Union.
The last 2 years are available to MOU members.
Seasons
Families
Whistling-Ducks, Geese, Swans, Ducks
New World Quail
Partridge, Pheasants, Grouse, Turkeys
Grebes
Pigeons, Doves
Cuckoos
Nightjars
Swifts
Hummingbirds
Rails, Gallinules, Coots
Limpkin
Cranes
Stilts, Avocets
Plovers
Sandpipers
Jaegers
Alcids
Gulls, Terns
Loons
Shearwaters and Petrels
Storks
Frigatebirds
Boobies and Gannets
Cormorants
Pelicans
Bitterns, Herons, Egrets, Night-Herons
Ibises
New World Vultures
Osprey
Kites, Accipiters, Hawks, Eagles
Barn Owls
Screech-Owls, Owls
Kingfishers
Woodpeckers
Caracaras, Falcons
Flycatchers
Vireos
Shrikes
Jays, Nutcrackers, Magpies, Crows
Chickadees, Titmice
Larks
Martins, Swallows
Kinglets
Waxwings
Silky-flycatchers
Nuthatches
Creepers
Gnatcatchers
Wrens
Thrashers, Mockingbirds
Starlings
Dippers
Thrushes
Old World Flycatchers
Old World Sparrows
Pipits
Finches
Longspurs and Snow Buntings
Towhees, Sparrows
Yellow-breasted Chat
Blackbirds, Orioles
Warblers
Tanagers, Cardinals, Grosbeaks

Seasons
Species: Screech-Owls, Owls
Eastern Screech-Owl
Great Horned Owl
Great Horned Owl (Labrador)
Great Horned Owl (Eastern)
Great Horned Owl (Arctic)
Snowy Owl
Northern Hawk Owl
Burrowing Owl
Barred Owl
Great Gray Owl
Long-eared Owl
Short-eared Owl
Boreal Owl
Northern Saw-whet Owl

Great Gray Owl(Strix nebulosa)
YearSeasonNS
1935Summer Tho best thing submitted this year was a record from P. o. Fryklund of the first }finncsota nest of the biggest owl. Fryklund writes that Henry Halvarson, a trapper living in a camp a milo south of the Manitoba boundu.y in Roseau County, was running his trap lines April 4th when he saw 2 big owls in a tamarack swamp whore he was picking up wolf snares. Keeping close watch of them, he discovered their nest with 3 eggs, 15 feet from the ground in a ·medium largo tamarack. The nest's construction was from tamarack branches and the hollow was lined with gras.s, deer hair, and down from the owls. Halvarson took the nest intact to ~rklund who mailed it to Dr. Roberts for identification. Fryklund, hlld been led to believe 2 years ago that this owl nests in this state when, in sexing a Minnesota spGcimen, he had found eggs 3/4ths of an inch long. The Flicker, 1935 -18
1945WinterAt Roseau, winter of 1944-45, (Fryklund).
1962FallOct. 27, one trapped near Duluth by Ross Olson, seen by John G. Hale, photographs seen by Janet C. Green and the Huber brothers; Dec. 8, near Washkish, Beltrami Co., one seen by Avifaunal Club.
1963WinterNov 2, Cook Co., Helen Hoover; Jan 5, Washkish, Beltrami Co., 1 collected, Bert Anderson; Jan 20, Canyon, St. Louis Co., J. W. Gaw- boy; Feb 21·23, Central Lakes, St. Louis Co., Nels Hervi, et aL
1964Spring3-1 Central Lakes, St. Louis Co, Mr. C. E. Stultz; 4-4, Beltrami Co, 2, RG, WRP.
1964Summer7-4 and 7-18 near Canyon, St. Louis Co, DM. (See Notes of Interest)
1964Fall10-15 Lake-of-the-Woods Co, JLR; 10-21 Itasca Co, 12 mi N Squaw Lake, George Fullerton; 10-23 Shotley, Beltrami Co, 1 found dead, MG; 11-7 (2), 11-8 (3), 11-9 and 11-10 Roseau Co, JLR, PEB; 11-15 Pequaywam Lake, St. Louis Co, Tom Peck.
1965Spring3-11 Lutsen, Cook Co, LS; 3-16 Beltrami Co, DB; 3-26 Warroad, JLR; also, one found dead about 10 mi S. Williams, Lake-of-the-Woods Co, no date, DLO.
1966Spring5-23 Gunflint Lake Cook Co, one captured HH's pet Wood: chuck; only report. ;
1966Summer6-5 Bagley, Clearwater Co, see Notes of Interest in previous issue.
1966Fall11-24 Wawina River, Itasca Co., photo by Dale Olsen, fide JCG.
1966Winter2-21 Itasca Co., 2 miles N. of Ball Club Lake, J. J. Janecek.
1968FallForthcoming attraction! See Winter Report.
1968WinterFirst invasion since winter of 1965-66; more extensive than that year; see Jan Green's writeup this issue!
1969Spring3-14-15 (1, died) Washington Co., WWL. See also June issue.
1970Springunusual concentration near Pinecreek, Roseau Co.: 4-1 (8 along 1 mile of highway); 4-4 (2 shot); 4-11 (3 shot); Robert W. Nero, fide JG; amazing since none reported during the winter period. Long-eared Owl : 3-11 Winona TV; 4-17 and 25 Olmsted HW; 5-13 Ramsey AW; no date Clearwater RD; only reports.
1970Summersecond Minn. nesting: Pinecreek, "Roseau Co., Robert W. Nero. See details in September 1970 Loon.
1970Fall1-23 Grand Portage, Cook Co., John Miles, Laura Howe; 2-19 near Gooseberry, Lake Co., M. Penner.
1970Winter1-23 Grand Portage, Cook Co., John Miles, Laura Howe; 2-19 near Gooseberry, Lake Co., M. Penner.
1971Springafter last year's nesting of this species in Roseau Co., a few birds apparently returned to this area this spring; KE and RR observed one in flight about 10 miles ENE of last year's nesting site along highway 12 in Manitoba on 5-8; they also were told by a U.S. customs official at the station near last year's site that Great Gray's had been seen earlier that spring in the immediate area, but he was not specific as to numbers of owls or dates.
1972Winter12-26 Meadowlands MMC, JCG; 1-3 Sherburne SRS; 1-27 Northwoods Audubon Center DB, KG, DR; 2-3 West Knife River Road S. Gilbertson fide JCG; 2-25 thru 2-28 Centerville, Anoka Co. EC.
1974Spring 2 reports: 5-12 Alvwood Koochiching Co. (1) S. Sorensen, H. Fellows; 6-1 Island Lake St. Louis Co. (1) GJN.
1974Summer No less than seven reports; third nesting record for the state north of Roseau (Roseau Co.) in artificial nest; one young on 6-6 (R. Nero); 6-5 near Little Fork, Koochiching Co. (R. Bilder); 7-5 near Meadowlands, St. Louis Co. (MMC); 6-1 at Island L., St. Louis Co. (GN); "June" at Brimson, St. Louis Co. (1. Sublette); 6-16 near Whyte, Lake Co. (B. Bergstedt); 6-23 on Lake Co. 2 near Murphy (RJ); this owl is supposedly only a rare winter visitant to Minnesota, but this flood of reports suggests that the Great Gray may now be a regular breeder here, especially in the bogs of northern Roseau Co.
1974Fall 9-18 Duluth 1 shot fide JG; 10-19 Roselake, St. Louis E. Spencer; 11-25, 26 Kelliher, Beltrami G. Borud.
1974Winter Four reports: Hibbing Christmas Count; 1-31 and 2-2 in Cook Co. (J. Sublett, E. Pearson); up to three seen along Hwy. 3/0 near the Canada border in Roseau Co. from 12-19 to 2-17 (fide R. Nero).
1975Summer Two young seen near Aitkin, Aitkin Co. from 7-19 to 8-2 (BB, S. and J. Blanich, L. Paynter) along with up to two adults; very few breeding records exist for this owl.
1975Winteronly report was of one found dead in February in Otter Tail Co. (SM).
1976Spring 3 reports: 3-19, 3-20 (1) Aitkin Lloyd Paynter; 5-26 Aitkin (1 carrying food) JB; 5-30 Roseau (1) RBJ, KE.
1976Summernesting again reported from the bog country of northern Roseau Co.; 4 eggs were laid in an artificial nest in April but no young hatched due to suspected human disturbance; 3 young were successfully raised at another nest and were seen into July (R. Nero); another Great Gray was reported on 7-5 in Aitkin Co. (JB) where nesting was suspected but not confirmed.
1976Fall 2 reports: mid-Oct. Itasca, D. Wirt; 11-27 Roseau (2) PH. Long-eared. Owl Several Duluth reports from 9-30 to 11-10; also reported from 8-16 Otter Tail GO, 10-19 Washington DMB, 10 20 Ramsey RJ, 11-23 Ramsey P. Lea- cock.
1976Winter Reported in the bogs north of Roseau (12-3;SM) and Aitkin 1-2 and 1-24 (A. Orjala, DB).
1977Spring 4 reports: 3-21 Roseau (4) PH; 4-24 Aitkin (1) TS; 5-9 Aitkin Jim Breyen, Fred Thunhorst; 5-29 Roseau (1) DGW.
1977Summer Nested again in Roseau Co. (4 total nests, 3 successful with 6 total young; R. Nero; also reported from Koochiching (7-18, Loman, D. Goodermote) and St. Louis (until 7-6, Lakewood Twp., G. Maxham).
1977Fall See article in Summer Loon.
1977Winter The second largest invasion on record with sightings of 58 individuals (see The Loon 50:63-68).
1978Spring 3-5 Stevens NH; 5-28 Aitkin, Ray F. Boehmer, Ted J. Singletary. Also see LOON vol. 50, no. 2 for report on winter invasion.
1978Summer Seen in Lake (Whyte, Tomahawk Trail), St. Louis (Elmer), Beltrami (Waskish) and Roseau (Roseau).
1978Winter Nine reports from Aitkin (5 along Co. Rd. 18 in late Feb., WN, S. Loch), St. Louis (6 reports), Pine (late Feb., Nemadji St. For., M. Link), and Hennepin (12-19 -12-27 Brooklyn Center, m.ob.); aside from the Hennepin Co. individual, a normal winter in spite of the massive influx in s.e. Canada and New England.
1979Spring 4-2 Aitkin TS, 4-5 Aitkin DD, 5-12 Lake TW. Nest near Makinen, St. Louis fide KE.
1979Summer Breeding reported from St. Louis (Makinen); also seen in Lake, Carlton (Barnum), Pine (Bremen).
1979Fall Three reports, 10-25 St. Louis KE fide M Carr, 10-29 Esko KE fide K. Sundquist, 10-13 Pine RBA.
1979Winter Numbers down from last year. Reported from St. Louis: Aurora Dec. (NLB), Sax-Zim area 2-6 (KE) and Duluth Twnshp 12-4 (KH). Also reported from Lake of the Woods (TD), Chisago 1-5 (KL) and 2-20 Roseau (KE). Long-ea•red Owl Only one report: St. Louis 12-4 and 12-21 (DA).
1980Spring 4-11 Lake SW, 4-15 Lake of the Woods TA, 5-1 St. Louis SNF, 5-7 Bel- trami JHMN, 5-26 Koochiching SY. Long-ea,red Owl Reported from Aitkin, Blue Earth, Carlton, Hennepin, St. Louis and Sherburne counties. Three nests within 1/2 mi. radius in Duluth Twp. KE.
1980Summer At least 23 nests reported by S. Loch from St. Louis, Aitkin, Cass, Itasca, Roseau; also seen in Lake, Koochiching, Beltrami, Lake of the Woods.
1980Fall Only reports: 8-15 St. Louis (2a. seen, 2 fledged young heard), 11-16 KE, 10-18 Cook K. Pieper, 11-15 Lake of the Woods TS, 11-26 Aitkin KE, 11-30 WN.
1980Winter Six north reports: Angle Inlet, Lake of the Woods (TD), Lake 2-16 near Lake Lillian, Jan McColl, fide (JG), Cass 12-14 near Bena, Ruth Kuchle fide (JG), Aitkin, six banded early Feb., fide (WN), Itasca 2-6 (TCS) and Becker 1-23 (DJ).
1981Spring All reports: 3-22 Aitkin WN, 4-3 Lake of the Woods TA, 4-26 Lake SW I MS, 4-28 St. Louis SS, 5-7 Beltrami SY, 5-23 St. Louis J. Green, 5-26 Itasca JC.
1981Summer Breeding data from Lake of the Woods, Koochiching, St. Louis (Alango Twp.). Seen in Beltrami, Itasca, Lake (two locations), ANOKA (Loon 53:173). Long-ea1red Owl Only reported from Cook, Lake.
1981Fall All reports: 8-13 Koochiching KL, 8-15 Aitkin LW, 11-2 Lake RBA, 11-8 St. Louis fide K. Sundquist. ;
1981Winter Eleven north reports from Becker, Beltrami, Itasca, Aitkin, St. Louis, Lake and Cook. One south report from Stillwater, Washington Co. 2-16 (RBA).
1982Summer Seen in Beltrami (6/26, Turtle River Twp.; JCR), St. Louis (5/29, 7/12, Linden Grove, Hwy 73).
1982Fall lll3, 10 Cook SL, ll/9 St. Louis fide K. Sundquist, 1ll24 Aitkin D. Holm fide WN -all reports.
1982Winter Six north reports from Lake of the Woods, Beltrami, Itasca, Aitkin and Cook.
1983Spring All reports: 5/11 Cook SL, 5/23 St. Louis KE, 5/28 Aitkin JB, WN.
1983Summer Breeding data from Aitkin. Also seen in Cook, Lake, St. Louis (north), Koochiching.
1983Fall 8/1 St. Louis BDC, 9/1 S. Tyacke, 10/13, 10/21, and 10/26 Cook KMH, 9/19 and 10/26 Lake SWIMS, 11/26 Aitkin SC; also "Oct. -Nov." Cook SL, and two November reports Sax-Zim bog, St. Louis Co. fide KE -all reports.
1983Winter Probably the largest North American invasion on record -see details elsewhere in this issue.
1984Spring Permanent resident, reported 3/13 Cook KMH, 3/24 St. Louis AE, 4/4 Aitkin WN, 5/19 St. Louis L. Weber, 5/19 Aitkin (nest with 3 young) WN, 5/21 JB, 5/20 and 5/23 Spruce Lake Bog, Carlton Co. KL, 5/27 Lake of the Woods AJ. Numbers up in Aitkin Co., total of 122 in March.
1984Summerseven nests found, six in Lake of the Woods (D. Johnson) and one in Aitkin (WN); also seen 7/24 Lake (SWIMS) and 7/1 Cotton, St. Louis Co. (fide KE).
1984Fall 8/12 Aitkin (2) WN, 9/2 St. Louis (I) A. Ziegler, 1/14 Becker (I) WL, 11/13 Aitkin (2) WN, Ill17 Koochiching fide RJ, 11/20 Cook KMH, 11/25 Roseau AJ -all reports.
1984Winter No invasion this year. Reported from the Baudette CBC (5), Fourtown, Beltrami Co. on 12-5 (4) (KSS) and the County Road 18 area of Aitkin (mob).
1985Spring 3/17 (2) to 3/24 (I) Beltrami JB/TS, 4/4 to 4/ I 0 Roseau AJ.
1985Summer Seen in Lake (6120 Whyte Road, SW/ MS).
1985Fall All reports: 10/10 and 10/11 Duluth (I) JN, 10/29 Sax-Zim Bog, St. Louis Co. fide KE, 11/15 Marshall (I) ANWR, 11/21 Big Falls, Koochiching Co. (1) TCS.
1985Winter Reported in Crow Wing 2/8 (WN), Aitkin 1/19 (MRBA), Carlton 2/6 (RBJ) (RG) and 2/8 (KE) and Lake 1/8 (KE).
1986Spring 4/27 -5/31 Aitkin (max. 3) WN, KE.
1986Summer Seen in Lake (6/19 Whyte Road, two calling, SWIMS), Aitkin, Beltrami, Lake of the Woods.
1986Fall All reports: 8/15- 11/29 Aitkin WN, 10/29 Loon Lake, Cook Co. SS, 11/28 Sax-Zim Bog, St. Louis Co. KE.
1986Winter Reported near Scanlon, Carlton Co. on l /5 (D. Johnson) and the Sax-Zim area of St. Louis Co. (m.ob.). Also reported in Aitkin on 2/25 (2, fide, WN) and Beltrami, near Washkish on TH #72 (m.ob.) Lake of the Woods, 2/10 (KH).
1987Spring All reports : 3/7-5/31 Aitkin (max. 4) m.ob., 4/4-5130 Lake (9 ind. at 8 loc.) SWI MS, m.ob.
1987Summer Probable nesting in Beltrami (Grace Lake, T. Kogut). Also seen in Cook (6/12 Sea Gull Lake, KMH), Lake (6/19 Whyte Road, SW/ MS), St. Louis (6!10, I dead, Sax/Zim, SC), Aitkin, Roseau.
1987Fall All reports : 8/24 Cook KMH, 8/24-ll/21 Roseau m.ob., 10/1-11 /27 Aitkin AB, WN, 10/10-11 /22 St. Louis (several locations) m.ob., 10/23 Koochiching (2) C. Weaver, II I 8 Hubbard TS.
1987Winter Reported on the Grand Marais, Sax-Zim and Beltrami Island CBC's. Also reported in Roseau 2/19 (KSS); Beltrami, south of Waskish 1/10 (KH); Clearwater, south of Bagley 2/10 (KH); Lake, all season (fide SWMS); and Aitkin 12/11 through 1/30 (2, WN).
1988Spring All reports: 3/20-5/31 Aitkin (3) WN, 3/29- 30 Todd PH, 4/9 Wadena JG, 4/27 Cook WP, 5/23 Lake of the Woods ANWR.
1988Summer Probable nesting in Aitkin (7124, Co. Rd. 18, WN). Also seen in St. Louis (Sax-Zim bog, two birds, m.ob.), Lake (613-4, SWI MS).
1988Fall All reports: International Falls, Koochiching Co. (2) fide KE, Sax-Zim Bog, St. Louis Co. (3 locations) m.ob., 10/22 St. Louis/Koochiching Co. line fide KE, 10/31 Cook SOL, 11/13-23 Aitkin WN, SG.
1988Winter An invasion year with reports of more than 100 individuals, primarily in the northeast and north central regions (The Loon 61 :115117) . Barred Owl, Winter 1988-89, White Bear Lake, Washington County. Photo by Jim Rupert. Fall 1989 131
1989Spring All reports: 3/5-5/31 Aitkin (2) WN, 3/11 Carlton DJ, 3/16-4/26 Cook OSL, WP, 3/22 Cedar Creek NHA, Anoka Co. JH, 4/8-15 Lake m.ob., 4/9-5/28 St. Louis (five birds at four locations) m.ob., 4/16 Duluth fide RS, 5/23 Koochiching RG (The Loon 61 :115117).
1989Summer Seen in Beltrami, Itasca, Aitkin, St. Louis.
1989Fall All reports: 8/13 Beltrami DJ, 11/23 St. Louis (1) JL.
1989Winter Surprisingly scarce with no echo from last year's invasion noted. Reported only from Roseau Co. 11/3-14 one mile south of border along SR 3/0, MO; and Sax-Zim bog, St. Louis Co. fide KE.
1990Spring All reports: 3/9-4114 Lake KE, SWIMS et al., 5/5 St. Louis AE, 5/12-26 Roseau Co. KSS, 5/19 Sax-Zim Bog, St. Louis Co. (3) mob, 5/21 Tamarac NWR, Becker Co. BK.
1990Summer Probable breeding in Sax-Zim bog area, St. Louis Co. Also seen SE of Fourtown, Beltrami Co. DJ; Tamarac NWR, Becker Co., BK, DB! ; Whyte Rd., Lake Co., SWIMS.
1990Fall All reports: 9/1 Roseau MO, 10/12 Cook SOL, 10/13 Lake AB, 11/14 Cook KMH, 11/18 Beltrami (2) OJ, 1/124 St. Louis DE.
1990Winter Major invasion. KE compiled 134 individuals from late fall 1990 through spring 1991 (see TheLoon63:163-167 for complete report).
1991Spring Largest invasion ever documented in Minnesota! At least 134 separate individuals reported. Numbers were present through March, with a max. of 19 individuals near Two Harbors, Lake Co. on 3/2 (The Loon 63: 163-167). Other reports: 4/15 Koochiching RJ, 5/18 St. Louis (4) mob.
1991Summer Nested in Roseau, Lake of the Woods; also seen in St. Louis, Aitkin.
1991Fall Reports were up from most of the north/northeast with 23 individuals counted by 30 November. All reports: 10/29 Itasca KB, 11/24 Cook AB, 11/27 Cook KMH, 10/26-11/30 St. Louis mob.
1991Winter Record invasion year. Total of 196 individuals (fide KE) reported from 12 counties. Seen as far west as Roseau and as far south as Aitkin, plus Kandiyohi SE, RJ (The Loon 64:126–27), and Hennepin in late December fide RJ.
1992Spring All reports: 3/1 Koochiching SDM, 3/28 Lake DPV, 4/3 Cook SOL, 4/4 Koochiching GM and Lake of the Woods KSS, 4/15 Roseau NJ, 5/3–31 Aitkin WN, 5/10 Kittson MCBS, 5/13 Roseau MCBS, 5/25 Lake SS, 5/26–31 St. Louis (three) mob.
1992Summer Reported in Marshall, Pennington, Aitkin, St. Louis, Lake.
1992Fall All reports: 8/14 Roseau (2) PS, early September Lake fide KE, 11/15–27 Aitkin WN, 11/30 Itasca fide ME.
1992Winter Approximately 18 individuals (record 196 l.y.) reported from Cook (1) SOL, Lake (4–5) mob, St. Louis (5) mob, Aitkin (3) mob, 12/12 Roseau (2) PS, 1/16 Lake of the Woods (1) PS, and 2/25 Becker (1) BBe.
1993Spring Total of 19 individuals reported from Aitkin, Lake, Koochiching, Roseau, and St. Louis counties, with four young in a nest in Aitkin County (WN).
1993Summer Nested in Aitkin; also observed in Roseau, St. Louis, Lake.
1993Fall All reports 8/9 St. Louis KR, 11/27,28 Aitkin (3) WN.
1993Winter Approximately 12 individuals (18 l.y.) reported from Lake (one individual along County Road 2), St. Louis (four individuals seen at Sax?Zim bog, one seen near Floodwood, and one seen near Melrude), Itasca (one individual near Grand Rapids), and Aitkin (up to four along County Road 18).
1994Spring Twelve individuals reported from Aitkin , Lake, Roseau, and St. Louis counties with nesting (three young) in Aitkin WN.
1994Summer Nested in Aitkin; also observed in Roseau, St. Louis, Lake, Carlton.
1994Fall All reports: Sax-Zim Bog, St. Louis Co., KE, Whyte Road, Lake Co., KE.
1994Winter Only three reports: 12/2–24 St. Louis fide KE (four locations in Sax/Zim area), 12/15 Roseau PS (two individuals along Hwy 3/0), and 1/27 Beltrami SKS.
1995Spring Nested in St. Louis mob; also seen in four other Sax-Zim Bog locations. Additional reports 3/28 Lake (2) CMa, 3/31–4/1 Lake DBM, WM, 4/27 Itasca DB, 5/9 Koochiching VE.
1995Summer Only reports from St. Louis (Sax-Zim bog area), Aitkin.
1995Fall All reports: 8/26–November Sax-Zim bog, St. Louis Co. (6) mob, 10/21–11/18 Lake (3) mob, Beltrami fide DJo, 11/5 Lake of the Woods MK, 11/10 St. Louis MH, 11/11 Hwy 200, Aitkin Co. PS, 11/14 St. Louis (2) fide KE, 11/25 Co. Rd. 10, Aitkin Co. WN.
1995Winter Record invasion; reported from 31 counties, including many south reports in the greater metro area and as far south as Houston, Mower, Dodge, Olmsted, Freeborn and Wabasha in the southeast. CBC total of 42 includes an all-time North America record 28 found on the Sax-Zim CBC.
1996Spring Record 1995–96 invasion; reported from at least 24 counties this season alone, including numerous unusual south reports: Anoka, Chisago, Dodge, Freeborn, Hennepin, Isanti, Olmsted, Washington, Winona.
1996Summer Reported in Beltrami, Becker, St. Louis, Aitkin.
1996Fall Scarce. Only reports were three locations in Aitkin and two in St. Louis.
1996Winter Major irruption. Over 130 individuals reported this season alone, with unusual Twin Cities reports from Anoka, Dakota, Hennepin, Ramsey and Washington, and even farther south in Faribault, Goodhue, Rice and Winona.
1997Spring Third largest irruption on record (The Loon 69:114–124). Many south reports this spring: Dakota, Hennepin, Rice, Scott, Sherburne, Wabasha, Washington. Late south 4/2 Hennepin (Maple Grove) MSf, 4/4 Washington mob, 4/4–7 Hennepin (Westwood Hills) MOe, 4/12 Sherburne fide PS.
1997Summer Probable nesting in St. Louis; also seen in Roseau, Koochiching, Lake, Aitkin.
1997Fall All reports: 8/4–9 Lake DV, mid-August–11/11 St. Louis (near Sax) MH, BY, 11/28 St. Louis (Melrude) BY.
1997Winter Approximately 12 individuals reported from Aitkin, Koochiching, Lake, Roseau and St. Louis.
1998Spring All reports: 4/4 St. Louis and Lake AH, 5/20 Lake of the Woods BSi, 5/30 St. Louis mob, plus all season in Aitkin WN and Lake DV.
1998Summer New nesting record in Lake DV; also reported in St. Louis, Aitkin, Pine.
1998Fall Seen in Aitkin on several August dates and 11/1–15 WN. Also reported 11/8 St. Louis (Sax-Zim bog) fide KE, 11/26 Cook (Gunflint Trail) fide KE.
1998Winter Only 16 individuals reported from expected locations: Roseau (3), Lake of the Woods (2), Aitkin (2), St. Louis (4), and Lake (5).
1999Spring All reports: 3/18 St. Louis (near Sax) BY, 3/19 Lake (2) AH, 4/23–28 and 5/5 Aitkin (2) WN, 5/18 Roseau (2) AH, PS, 5/22 St. Louis (three locations in Sax-Zim bog) mob.
1999Summer Seen in Beltrami, St. Louis, and Lake.
1999Fall All reports: 10/23 Becker fide BBe, 11/9 Cook fide DBe, 11/21 Aitkin WN, 11/29 St. Louis CMa.
1999Winter Approximately 33 individuals reported from 8 counties within the coniferous zone.
2000Spring All reports: late April near ANWR in Marshall County fide BBe, 5/23 Roseau (3 along Hwy 3/0) MB, 4/2 Aitkin (near Tamarack) CB; 4/9, 5/7, 5/10 Aitkin WN; late March in St. Louis (five locations, Sax-Zim bog) fide KE, 5/28 Lake (near Isabella) JLi, 5/27 Cook (off Gunflint Trail) DN.
2000Summer Reported in Beltrami, Itasca, Aitkin, St. Louis, Cook.
2000Fall Approximate total of 82 reported from nine counties within the coniferous forest zone. Final totals appear likely to exceed the record of 342 during the 1995–96 irruption. Please see article in future issue of The Loon. [Corrected]
2000Winter From October through April, a record high 394 birds were reported (The Loon 73:135–143).
2001Spring Record high number during 2000–2001 irruption (The Loon 73:135–143). Peak count 3/22 St. Louis (17 in vicinity of Aurora-Hoyt Lakes) NAJ. Reported into late May in Aitkin, Lake of the Woods, St. Louis.
2001Summer Reported in Lake of the Woods, St. Louis, Lake, Aitkin, Carlton.
2001Fall All reports: 9/20 Lake of the Woods MHK, late September Roseau (Bednar F.R.) BJS, 11/28 Lake of the Woods (Roosevelt F.R.) GMM, 11/28 St. Louis (near Hoyt Lakes) fide NAJ.
2001Winter PHS compiled a total of 31 individuals in Beltrami, Roseau, Lake of the Woods, Aitkin, Lake, and St. Louis counties between 9/20 and 4/15, 23 of which occurred during winter season.
2002Spring Seen in Aitkin, Cook, Lake, Lake of the Woods, Roseau, St. Louis.
2002Summer Observed at eight locations during June at the Sax-Zim bog in St. Louis Co. m.obs.; also reported in Pine.
2002Fall Reported in November from Aitkin (near Hill City), Becker (Tamarac N.W.R.), and St. Louis (3 locations).
2002Winter Twenty-two individuals reported from Roseau, Lake of the Woods, Itasca, Aitkin, St. Louis, and Lake counties.
2003Spring Reported from Aitkin (county road 18), Lake of the Woods (Faunce Road/Rapid River Trail, MLK), St. Louis (Sax-Zim Bog).
2003Summer Only report from Lake.
2003Fall All reports: 10/19 Lake (T61N, R9W) fide SES, 11/9+ Aitkin (3 along C.R. 18) m.obs., 11/14 St. Louis (C.R. 52, Sax-Zim bog) MSS, plus Lake of the Woods (2 locations) MHK.
2003Winter Approximately 35 individuals reported from St. Louis (12), Lake (8), Lake of the Woods (7), Aitkin (3), Beltrami (3), and Roseau (2). There were many reports from the Norris Camp area of Beltrami Island S.F., Lake of the Woods County, and along Lake County Road 2 near Greenwood Lake.
2004Spring Imperfect albino 5/2+ St. Louis (Sax-Zim Bog) KRS, BKY. Unusual location for late May 5/16–21+ Marshall (Wilderness Area and along county road 7 at Agassiz N.W.R.) m.obs., ph. PHS. Also reported 5/6 Koochiching ph. AXH, Aitkin (max. 4 in mid-March, WEN), Lake (three locations), Lake of the Woods, Roseau, St. Louis (four locations, including county road 8 east of Floodwood on 5/5, JWL).
2004Summer Most reports since 1981: observed in Cook, Lake, St. Louis (nested), Koochiching, Beltrami, Lake of the Woods, Roseau, Aitkin, and 7/15 Mahnomen BJU.
2004Fall Largest documented irruption in Minnesota history. August birds in Marshall (Agassiz N.W.R.) and St. Louis (Sax-Zim bog), and 9/19 Roseau MBr had probably summered, but five at the Northwest Angle 10/15+ Lake of the Woods HH et al. were harbingers of the thousands that eventually entered the state. Please see future issues of The Loon for details of this and other species during the irruption.
2004Winter Largest irruption ever documented in Minnesota with reports from 26 north counties plus Anoka, Benton, Carver, Chisago, Dakota, Hennepin, Kandiyohi, Meeker, Ramsey, Scott, Sherburne, Stearns, Washington and Winona in the south. Hundreds were found dead. An amazing and unprecedented 256 were counted by a single party 2/20 Pine/Aitkin/Kanabec fide JWL. Single-day counts in Aitkin peaked 1/19 (174) CLB, KWR and 1/29 (187) CLW et al. First county records 1/24–3/27 Red Lake (Huot, also found in two more locations) RAE et al., 1/29 Benton (2.5 miles east of Rice) HHD. Many reports of unusual plumaged birds, including a melanistic bird photographed 12/15 St. Louis (CR 15) ph. MCA, ph. JWL. Complete details and data analyses will be published in The Loon.
2005Spring Largest irruption in state history; please see articles in this and future issues of The Loon for details. Lingered through late May in Aitkin, Lake, Mahnomen, Pine, St. Louis; also see summer report for June records, including one in Hennepin!
2005Summer Found in Kittson, Lake of the Woods, Itasca, Aitkin, St. Louis, Lake, and 6/1–6 Hennepin (Medicine Lake) fide AXH. Also see Table 4 in The Loon 77:194–208.
2005Fall Above-average yet unexpectedly low numbers following last year's record-high irruption (The Loon 77:194–208). August reports from Aitkin, Pine, Roseau and St. Louis, then scattered reports into winter. Most unusual was one well-described near Trail (where Great Grays were found last spring, but not during the summer) 9/2 Polk MG fide JMJ.
2005Winter Excluding potential breeding birds, PHS compiled a total of 96 individuals in 16 counties mid-August 2005 through March 2006, 69 of which were first found during the winter season. Following last year's record smashing irruption (The Loon 77:194–208), this “echo” effect, i.e., a smaller irruption immediately following a major one, was much smaller than anticipated. For example, the daily high count by a single party last winter was a dumbfounding 256 Great Grays; however, the highest count this winter was just 6 individuals 12/29 Lake of the Woods fide JMJ. This winter's birds essentially stayed within their normal winter range and habitat; the only exception was 2/26–3/12 Norman (near Gary) ph. PBB.
2006Spring Norman County's first Great Gray lingered through 3/12 (see winter report); additional March reports from Beltrami, Koochiching, Lake, Lake of the Woods, St. Louis. Still present late May in Lake, Lake of the Woods, St. Louis.
2006Summer All reports: 6/11 Roseau (carrying food) BTh; 6/14 (hit by car, Roosevelt F.R.), 6/29 (Winter Road Peatland S.N.A.) Lake of the Woods GMM; 6/19 Lake CRM; 6/19 (Sax-Zim Bog) KRE, 6/25 (near Chisholm) St. Louis CO; 6/24, 7/14 Itasca (south of Marcell) fide JWL, BJU, 7/15 Beltrami FAE.
2006Fall Injured bird 9/14 Roseau (state highway 3/0) BJS. Also reported from Lake of the Woods (2), St. Louis.
2006Winter5 Scattered reports within range across the north, with a high count of 4 on 1/21 Aitkin (Hedbom Forest Road) KRE. Majority of the 22 reports received were from this location. Single birds reported on the Sax-Zim and Virginia CBCs.
2007Spring4 Reported from Aitkin, Lake, Lake of the Woods, St. Louis.
2007Summer2 All reports: 6/4 Beltrami MHK, 6/14 Lake SGW.
2007Fall1 Only report: 11/22 Lake BET.
2007Winter6 Scattered reports of individuals reported from an arc through the Northwest and North-central regions from approx. 1/14 Lake of the Woods JBi to 2/12 Red Lake SAS, south to 1/8 Hubbard fide JMJ. A higher concentration of reports came from the east, primarily in St. Louis in the Sax-Zim Bog area, m.ob. Unusual was the report of a dark plumaged individual near Biwabik at the Giant's Ridge ski area 12/28 St. Louis PEB. Farthest south was an individual on the Pine County CBC. The only additional CBC reports came from Grand Rapids and Grand Marais.
2008Spring3 Reported from Aitkin, Lake, and St. Louis.
2008Summer3 Seen 6/4 Beltrami MCBS, Itasca MCBS, 6/5 St. Louis ph. KRE, 6/20 St. Louis BU.
2008Fall4 Observed in Aitkin, Koochiching, Pennington, St. Louis. High count 11/30 St. Louis (4) BKY.
2008Winter8 Approximately 30 individuals reported during the period, all north of a line from southern St. Louis to Hubbard counties. A total of 5 on CBCs was double last year's total but well below 20–year average of 18.
2009Spring6 Reported in Aitkin, Koochiching, Lake, Lake of the Woods, Roseau, St. Louis as late as 5/30 St. Louis KRE, LS.
2009Summer2 All reports: 6/2, 6/7, 6/9 St. Louis (McDavitt Rd, Sax-Zim Bog) KRE et al., 6/24 St. Louis (east of Meadowlands) DWa, 7/7 Lake of the Woods JMJ, SAS.
2009Fall3 All reports: 11/5 Lake of the Woods fide JMJ, 11/19 Koochiching fide JWL, 11/23 Aitkin fide JWL, 11/30 Lake fide JWL.
2009Winter9 Approximately 52 individuals reported during the period, all north and east of a line from Mille Lacs to Roseau Counties. CBC high count 1/2 Isabella CBC (5).
2010Spring5 Observed in Aitkin, Beltrami, Lake, Lake of the Woods, St. Louis.
2010Summer4 Found in Aitkin 6/2 ASc, 6/6 (C.R. 18) DBM, 6/10 CLW, 6/22 WEN, 6/24 (C.R. 18) CMB, 6/26 (Hedbom F.R.) KCR, 6/28 (2 south of C.R. 18 and Pietz's Rd.) DWK, KRE; in Koochiching 6/5 (C.R. 13 near C.R. 77) HHD, 6/17 (1 ad. and 1 juv.) DBM; in Lake 6/9 SES, 6/11 CLW, CDo, 6/12 fide NLM, 7/17 LEC, 7/22 (near Spruce Rd. and S.R. 1) NLM; and in St. Louis 6/16 RIr, 7/23 MMa.
2010Fall2 Reported from the northeast in Aitkin and St. Louis beginning 10/24 Aitkin (C.R. 18) WEN, WMS.
2010Winter4 Approximately 8–10 individuals reported, significantly fewer than numbers reported the past 5 years. As is typical, the Sax-Zim Bog in St. Louis was the hub of activity beginning 12/9 with observations extending through the period (m.ob.), with a high count 1/13 St. Louis (4) MSS, m.ob.
2011Spring6 Found in Aitkin, Cass, Itasca, Koochiching, Lake, Mahnomen, St. Louis. High count 3/5 St. Louis (7) ASe.
2011Summer4Seen in Aitkin, Cass, Koochiching, St. Louis.
2011Fall4 Observed in Aitkin, Lake, Lake of the Woods, St. Louis beginning 10/24 Lake JWL.
2011Winter7All reports clustered in the North-central and Northeast regions, most frequently from the Sax-Zim Bog, as usual. Reports spanned the season from 12/3 St. Louis JMa, through 2/25 St. Louis RZi. CBC reports included 12/18 Two Harbors, 12/23 Ely, and tying for the CBC high counts were 12/29 ;Baudette (2), 12/30 ;Beltrami Island (2). Highest individual ;counts were of 3 in St. Louis (Sax-Zim Bog) 1/13 ;BDa, 1/20 ;RSm, 2/19 GWo. Additional reports from Beltrami, Koochiching, Itasca, and Aitkin counties.
2012Spring3 Observed in St. Louis (Sax-Zim Bog) throughout the season. Also observed 3/31 Lake (2) JWL, 4/22 Beltrami (2) JCC, 5/24 Beltrami ANy.
2012Summer5 Found in Aitkin, Itasca, Lake of the Woods, Roseau, St. Louis.
2012Fall5 Observed in St. Louis (Sax-Zim Bog) throughout the season beginning 10/17 EBr. Reports away from St. Louis: 11/3 Cook (Caribou Trail) JaJ, 11/5 Lake (Hwy. 1) CWG, DWK, THl, SBM, 11/6 Lake of the Woods GMM, 11/27 Aitkin KCR.
2012Winter12 An invasion year, second only to winter 2004–2005, but individuals were only found northeast of a line from Marshall through Aitkin. Unusually, the highest numbers of birds were very localized in a single county, Roseau. Not so atypically, these high numbers occurred in late February: 2/23 Roseau (68) JMJ, 2/16 Roseau (59) SPM, DKM, 2/23 Roseau (47) HHD, 2/20 Roseau (28) DaL. Compare with high counts in neighboring counties: 2/22–24 Kittson (2), 2/13 Marshall (1), 2/10 Lake of the Woods (3), and 2/18 Beltrami (2). Farther afield, highest counts were 5 in Koochiching 2/16 KJB and 4 in St. Louis and Lake, also in mid-February. Found on four CBCs, with high counts 12/29 Roseau (5), 12/21 Sax-Zim (3).
2013Spring12 The remnants of the second largest documented irruption (The Loon 85:148–149) were all found north of a line from Carlton to Cass to Marshall. Owls were seen in St. Louis (Sax-Zim Bog) throughout the season. High count 3/25 Lake of the Woods (12, S.R. 72 and C.R. 2 north of Williams) RPR, 3/9 Roseau (9) KGg.
2013Summer6 Seen in Aitkin, Itasca, Koochiching, Lake, Lake of the Woods, St. Louis.
2013Fall3 Found in St. Louis (Sax-Zim Bog) irregularly throughout the season. Only additional report 10/14 Lake (Stony River F.R.) MSS.
2013Winter9 Observed northeast of an arc from Roseau to Clearwater and Hubbard to Aitkin, with most reports from St. Louis and Aitkin. High counts 12/14 Aitkin (5) DPa, 12/26 Aitkin (5) JWd, 2/1 St. Louis (4, Sax-Zim Bog) EBr. CBC high count 12/30 Baudette (2).
2014Spring7Found in Aitkin, Carlton, Cook, Lake, St. Louis (nested, AXH), and in the Northwest in Kittson (adult on nest in aspen grove northeast of Lancaster, HHD, KRE, m.ob.) and Roseau.
2014Summer3Observed in Aitkin, Crow Wing, St. Louis.
2014Fall3 Most reports from Sax-Zim Bog in St. Louis. Additional reports 8/7 Roseau (S.R. 3/0) DPG, 11/14 St. Louis (Clyde Rd. south of C.R. 97) SLF, 11/22 Lake (Trapper's Lake Rd.) ClN, 11/26 St. Louis (start of Old Vermilion Trail) RHg.
2014Winter5 Only reported from Lake of the Woods, Beltrami, Lake, St. Louis, Aitkin. High count 12/9 St. Louis (4, Sax-Zim Bog) GeH, KCR. CBC high count 1/2 Sax-Zim Bog (5). All reports away from St. Louis County were of single birds.
2015Spring7 Restricted to the northern third of the state where found in Roseau, Marshall, Lake of the Woods, Beltrami, Itasca, St. Louis, and Lake. Highest count only two.
2015Summer5 Seen in Beltrami, Lake, Lake of the Woods, Roseau, St. Louis.
2015Fall2 Few reports: 10/4 Lake (south of Finland) JMa, 11/22 St. Louis (St. Mary's Lake, south of Eveleth), 11/29 St. Louis (Sax-Zim Bog) JMa.
2015Winter6 Reported only from Aitkin, Cook, Lake, Lake of the Woods, Roseau, St. Louis (which had the most reports by far). High counts (all from St. Louis): 1/7 (4, Sax-Zim Bog) JMa, several others of 3. CBC high counts were singles.
2016Spring6 Found in Roseau, Lake of the Woods, Beltrami, Aitkin, St.Louis, Lake.
2016Summer4 Seen in Cass, Cook, Lake of the Woods, St. Louis.
2016Fall3 One early season report 8/26 Cook (Grand Portage S.P.) KMi; all others were from late October through November, from either Sax-Zim Bog in St. Louis or along Pietz's Rd. in Aitkin, except for 11/25 St. Louis (Hermantown) LiH.
2016Winter10 Many reports from St. Louis (especially Saz-Zim Bog), Lake, Roseau, Aitkin, with high counts 1/15 Roseau (4–5, Lost River S.F.) KCR, SAu, 1/20 St. Louis (4, Sax-Zim Bog) SSn, MDr, 2/3 Lake (4, Split Rock Lighthouse S.P.) JWL, SLL. Fewer (1–3) reports from Beltrami, Cook, Crow Wing, Koochiching, Lake of the Woods, Marshall. Overall most reports were from January through February.
2017Spring6 Found in Roseau, Koochiching, Aitkin, St.Louis, Lake, Cook. High count 5/21 Koochiching (4: 2 along U.S. 71, 1 along C.R. 13, 1 along Twomey Williams F.R.) RAE.
2017Summer6 Reported in Carlton, Crow Wing, Koochiching, Lake, Lake of the Woods, St. Louis. First county breeding record 7/13 Carlton ASu.
2017Fall2 One early season report 8/31 Beltrami (Shoreline Drive NE) KRE, then only 11/27 St. Louis ABL, 11/27 St. Louis FGo.
2017Winter12 Reported from 12 contiguous counties northeast of a line from Roseau to Cass to Carlton. By far most reports were from St. Louis (primarily Sax-Zim Bog); next highest from Lake. High counts 12/24 St. Louis (7, Sax-Zim Bog) KDS, 2/18 St. Louis (6, Knife River Road) GrS. In counties other than St. Louis, high counts were 3 or fewer. CBC high count 12/18 Sax-Zim (5).
2018Spring8 Found in Lake of the Woods, Hubbard, Cass, Itasca, Aitkin, Koochiching, St. Louis, Lake.
2018Summer3 Observed 6/12 St. Louis JAn, 6/13 Koochiching MBS, 6/26 Lake of the Woods REn.
2018Fall1 Only report: 11/25 Aitkin LiH, ASu.
2018Winter3 Reported from only three counties, the fewest in at least the past 20 years. Nearly all reports were from St. Louis (Sax-Zim Bog), with high count 1/10 (3) KRE. There were two reports from Lake and one from Lake of the Woods.
2019Spring4 Found in Roseau, Koochiching, Itasca, St. Louis.
2019Summer2 Reported 6/2, 6/16 St. Louis (Sax-Zim Bog) GrS, MGo, 7/7 Cass (near Boy R.) LiH.
2019Fall Found in Aitkin between 8/2 and 10/6, in Lake 11/2, and in St. Louis between 8/1 and 11/28 (max. 3) ebd.
2019Winter8 Reported from eight north counties: Beltrami, Hubbard, Koochiching, Lake, Lake of the Woods, Marshall, Roseau, St. Louis. By far the most reports were from Sax-Zim Bog (St. Louis), nearly all singles with a few of 2–4. High count 1/10 Beltrami (5, in same field) ebd. CBC high counts 12/18 Sax-Zim (4), 1/3 Beltrami Island )3). (This is considered a Sensitive Species in eBird and records are not public. This summary includes eBird records although they are not in the M.O.U. database.)
2020Spring3 Found in Marshall, Koochiching, St. Louis, Lake. (This is considered a Sensitive Species in eBird and records are not public. This summary includes eBird records although they are not in the M.O.U. database.)
2020Summer1 Observed 7/17 St. Louis (2, Sax-Zim Bog Visitor Center) CIN.
2020Fall31 Approximately 23 individuals found in Cook, Lake, Lake of the Woods, Roseau, St. Louis, beginning 9/24 St. Louis ebd. One exceptional south report: 11/21 Ramsey (Battle Creek R.P.) JKp, AXH. Although a major irruption never materialized, there were scattered reports away from this species’ expected range into the winter and spring seasons, but see those Seasonal Reports. (This is considered a Sensitive Species in eBird and records are not public. This summary includes eBird records although they are not in the M.O.U. database.)
2020Winter133 Reported from 13 north counties east of a line from Marshall to Carlton. Most reports were from St. Louis (especially Sax-Zim Bog) followed by Lake. High count 1/2 Lake (6, C.R. 2) FFa, but nearly all reports were of 1–2 individuals. Reported from three south counties: 12/18 – 1/10 Sherburne (southwest of Zimmerman) ph. EmN, m.ob., 12/26 Washington (St. Paul (Northeast Suburban) CBC), 2/13 Nobles (date approximate, within 1–2 days; undisclosed location) ph. LyB (first county record and first Southwest record). CBC high counts 12/19 Two Harbors (7), 1/2 Isabella (3), 12/26 Fredenberg (2). (This is considered a Sensitive Species in eBird and records are not public. This summary includes eBird records although they are not in the M.O.U. database.)
2021Spring71 Found north in Roseau, Beltrami, Itasca, Aitkin, St. Louis, Lake, Cook. One exceptional south report was found 4/4 – 4/25 Washington (Manning Trail) ph. AXH, m.ob., before being struck by a vehicle, transported to rehab, making a successful recovery, and then released in the northern half of the state. (This is considered a Sensitive Species in eBird and records are not public. This summary includes eBird records although they are not in the M.O.U. database.)
2021Summer4 Seen in Aitkin, Beltrami, Koochiching, St. Louis.
2021Fall4 Most reports from St. Louis, beginning 8/22 and continuing throughout the season (max. 3) ebd. Additional reports: 9/1 Lake of the Woods ebd, 9/4–20 Marshall ebd, 9/18 Lake ebd. (This is considered a Sensitive Species in eBird and records are not public. This summary includes eBird records although they are not in the M.O.U. database.)
2021Winter8 Reported from eight north counties (Aitkin, Cass, Itasca, Lake, Lake of the Woods, Marshall, Roseau, St. Louis). Most reports by far were from St. Louis (Sax-Zim Bog); nearly all were of 1–2 birds with only a few of 3 or more. High count 2/28 Roseau (11, S.R. 3/0 and Sprague Creek Rd.) JMJ. (This is considered a Sensitive Species in eBird and records are not public. This summary includes eBird records although they are not in the M.O.U. database.)
2022Spring8 Found in Roseau, Lake of the Woods, Koochiching, Itasca, Aitkin, St. Louis, Lake, Cook. (This is considered a Sensitive Species in eBird and their records are not public. This summary includes eBird records although they are not in the M.O.U. database.)
2022Summer1 Reported in June from Beltrami, Kittson and St. Louis, and 7/18 St. Louis ABL. (This is considered a Sensitive Species in eBird and their records are not public. This summary includes eBird records although they are not in the M.O.U. database.)
2022Fall2 Most reports from St. Louis, beginning 9/24 and continuing throughout the season. Additional reports: 8/7 Lake of the Woods ebd, 11/12 Itasca ebd, 11/13 Aitkin BLz. (This is considered a Sensitive Species in eBird and records are not public. This summary includes eBird records although they are not in the M.O.U. database.)
 
 Permanent resident north-central and northeast; irruptive in winter north.

Notes:

Click on the bird name to see a photographic image of the bird.
Column N  Number of counties where the bird was seen in the North.
Column S  Number of counties where the bird was seen in the South.